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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2023. 180 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1437402

ABSTRACT

Diversas evidências científicas demonstram que o consumo de ácidos graxos trans está associado com mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. A OMS, em 2018, considerando a presença de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos recomendou a sua total eliminação até o ano de 2023. Sendo assim, no Brasil, em 2019, a RDC 332 aborda que a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2023 estarão proibidas a produção e a importação de ácidos graxos trans em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Atualmente, a legislação que está em vigor sobre ácidos graxos trans é a RDC 54, da ANVISA, que estabelece que, somente os alimentos que apresentarem teores de ácidos graxos trans ≤ 0,1 g por porção e somatória de ácidos graxos saturados e ácidos graxos trans até 1,5 g por porção podem alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional. As bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers são importantes representantes de alimentos ultraprocessados, sendo muito consumidas por adultos e principalmente por crianças pelo seu baixo custo e acessibilidade. A partir destas considerações, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar os teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados por cromatografia gasosa em bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers, comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo, analisando os teores dos ácidos graxos e comparando com a RDC 54. Em 2018 e 2019, foram analisadas 65 bolachas recheadas, e 40 bolachas wafers, as bolachas foram divididas entre as que possuíam ácidos graxos trans nos rótulos, e as que possuíam a ausência dessa gordura. Os teores de ácidos graxos trans encontrados nas bolachas com a presença de ácidos graxos trans na rotulagem, variaram de 0,34 a 5,21 g por 100 g e 0,19 e 8,54 g por 100 g nas bolachas recheadas e nas bolachas wafers, respectivamente. Diante disso, constatou-se que algumas marcas de bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers apresentaram grandes quantidades de gordura trans em sua composição. Em relação às bolachas recheadas e wafers com a ausência de gordura trans nos rótulos, todas as bolachas estavam em acordo com a legislação vigente em relação aos valores menores ou iguais a 0,1 g de gordura trans por porção, porém, em relação à somatória de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados de até 1,5 g por porção, todas estavam com valores superiores, dessa maneira, os fabricantes dessas bolachas não poderiam alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional, e por isto, estavam em desacordo com a legislação vigente. Em 2022, foram reanalisadas seis amostras de bolachas recheadas e quatro amostras de bolachas wafers, que em 2018 apresentaram altos teores de ácidos graxos trans. Também foram analisadas três bolachas wafers que em 2022 ainda apresentavam altos teores de gorduras trans nos rótulos. Os resultados dessas amostras demonstraram que em 2022 ainda há em supermercados brasileiros, bolachas com altos teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados em sua composição. Diante disso, ratifica-se a necessidade do cumprimento da legislação vigente e da RDC 332 em 2023 e de fiscalizações mais frequentes pelos órgãos competentes, devido aos malefícios do consumo dos ácidos graxos trans para a saúde da população


There is a lot of scientific evidence showing that consumption of trans fatty acids is associated with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. The WHO in 2018, considering the presence of trans fatty acids in foods, recommended their total elimination by the year 2023. Therefore, in Brazil in 2019, RDC 332 addresses that from January 1, 2023, the production and the importation of trans fatty acids in foods intended for human consumption are prohibited. Currently, the legislation in force on trans fatty acids is ANVISA's RDC 54, this RDC establishes that only foods that have trans fatty acids contents ≤ 0.1 g per serving and the sum of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving can claim zero trans on nutrition labels. Stuffed cookies and wafer cookies are important representatives of ultra-processed foods, being widely consumed by adults and especially children due to their low cost and accessibility. Based on these considerations, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contents of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids by gas chromatography (AOAC method 996.06) in stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, commercialized in the State of São Paulo, analyzing the contents of the fatty acids and comparing with RDC 54. In 2018 and 2019, 65 stuffed cookies and 40 wafers cookies were analyzed, the cookies were divided between those that had trans fatty acids on the labels, and those that had the absence of this fat. The levels of trans fatty acids found in the cookies with the presence of trans fatty acids on the label ranged from 0.34 to 5.21 g per 100 g and 0.19 and 8.54 g per 100 g in the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, respectively. Therefore, it was found that some brands of stuffed cookies and wafers cookies had large amounts of trans fat in their composition. Regarding the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies with the absence of trans fat on the labels, all cookies were in accordance with current legislation in relation to values less than or equal to 0.1 g of trans fat per serving, but in relation to the sum of acids trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving, all had higher values, thus, the manufacturers of these cookies could not claim zero trans on the nutrition label, and therefore, they were in disagreement with the current legislation. In 2022, six samples of stuffed cookies and four samples of wafers were reanalyzed, which in 2018 had high levels of trans fatty acids. Three wafers were also analyzed, which in 2022 still had high levels of trans fats on the labels. The results of these samples showed that in 2022 there are still cookies in brazilian supermarkets with high levels of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in their composition. In view of this, the need to comply with current legislation and RDC 332 in 2023 and more frequent inspections by competent institutions are ratified, due to the harmful effects of the consumption of trans fatty acids on the health of the population


Subject(s)
Brazil/ethnology , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Cookies , Fatty Acids/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Minors/classification , Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency , Nutritional Sciences/classification
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 47: e45, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1432089

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate industrially produced trans and saturated fatty acid levels in foods within the Jamaican food system. Methods. A total of 308 commonly consumed foods were selected for analysis based on their potential to contain trans fatty acids. Samples were collected from supermarkets, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants. Official methods of gas chromatography for the analysis of fats were used. The results were expressed as grams of fatty acid per 100 g of food sample and percentage of total fatty acids. Results. Total fat was found to exceed United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) limits in 27.3% (n = 84/308) of food samples. About one-third (33.8%; n = 104/308) of commonly consumed foods in Jamaica contained varying levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids, while 7.8% exceeded the Pan American Health Organization limit of 2% of total fat. Industrially produced trans fatty acids were found in food categories such as canned meats, baked goods, cooking oils, condiments, breakfast cereals, desserts, dairy, spreads, snacks, and confectionery. The subcategories coconut oils and burgers had the highest mean content. Canned food, infant food, and pasta categories had no trans fat present. Saturated fats were found in almost all foods. Importantly, 32.5% (n = 100/308) of the foods had saturated fat concentrations higher than the NHS limit of 5 g per 100 g of food. Most of the food items with high levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids also contained high levels of saturated fats. Conclusions. Food products in Jamaica contain varying levels of fats that exceeded recommendations which support healthy consumption. Further exploration and reformulation efforts are needed to ensure that nutritional qualities are improved.


RESUMEN Objetivo. Calcular los niveles de ácidos grasos trans y grasas saturadas producidos industrialmente en alimentos del sistema alimentario de Jamaica. Métodos. Se seleccionó un total de 308 alimentos de consumo común para su análisis en función de la posibilidad de que contuvieran ácidos grasos trans. Se recolectaron muestras de supermercados, tiendas de víveres y restaurantes de comida rápida. Para el análisis de las grasas, se utilizaron métodos oficiales de cromatografía de gases. Se expresaron los resultados en gramos por muestra de alimento y grasa total. Resultados. Se concluyó que la grasa total excedía los límites del Servicio Nacional de Salud del Reino Unido (NHS, por su sigla en inglés) en el 27,3% (n = 84/308) de las muestras de alimentos. Alrededor de un tercio (33,8%; n = 104/308) de los alimentos de consumo común en Jamaica contenían niveles variables de grasas trans producidas industrialmente, mientras que el 7,8% excedía el límite de 2% de grasa total de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Se encontraron grasas trans producidas industrialmente en categorías de alimentos como carnes enlatadas, productos de repostería, aceites de cocina, condimentos, cereales para el desayuno, postres, lácteos, untables, bocadillos o snacks y dulces. Las subcategorías aceite de coco y hamburguesas mostraron el contenido medio más elevado. Las categorías alimentos enlatados, alimentos infantiles y pasta no presentaron grasas trans. Se encontraron grasas saturadas en casi todos los alimentos. Es importante destacar que el 32,5% (n = 100/308) de los alimentos mostraron concentraciones de grasas saturadas superiores al límite del NHS (5 g por cada 100 g de producto). La mayoría de los alimentos con niveles elevados de ácidos grasos trans producidos industrialmente también contenían altos niveles de grasas saturadas. Conclusiones. Los productos alimentarios en Jamaica contienen niveles variables de grasas que excedieron las recomendaciones relativas a un consumo saludable. Es necesario incrementar los esfuerzos de exploración y reformulación para garantizar una mejora de las cualidades nutricionales.


RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar o teor de ácidos graxos trans de produção industrial e ácidos graxos saturados em produtos alimentícios consumidos no sistema alimentar jamaicano. Métodos. Trezentos e oito gêneros alimentícios amplamente consumidos foram selecionados para análise, com base em seu potencial para conter ácidos graxos trans. As amostras foram coletadas em supermercados, lojas de conveniência e restaurantes de fast-food. Foram utilizados métodos oficiais para análise de ácidos graxos, à base de cromatografia gasosa. Os resultados foram expressos em gramas por gordura total e por amostra de alimento. Resultados. Verificou-se que o teor de gordura total excedeu os limites do Serviço Nacional de Saúde do Reino Unido (NHS) em 27,3% (n = 84/308) das amostras de alimentos. Cerca de um terço (33,8%; n = 104/308) dos alimentos comumente consumidos na Jamaica continham níveis variados de ácidos graxos trans de produção industrial, enquanto 7,8% excediam o limite de 2% de gordura total recomendado pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Ácidos graxos trans de produção industrial foram encontrados em diferentes categorias de alimentos, como carnes enlatadas, pães e doces, óleos de cozinha, condimentos, cereais matinais, sobremesas, laticínios, pastas, salgadinhos e confeitos. As subcategorias "óleos de coco" e "hambúrgueres" apresentaram o maior teor médio. As categorias "alimentos enlatados", "alimentos infantis" e "massas" não continham gordura trans. Ácidos graxos saturados foram encontrados em quase todos os alimentos. Cabe notar que 32,5% (n = 100/308) dos alimentos tinham teor de gordura saturada superior ao limite preconizado pelo NHS (5 g por 100 g de alimento). A maioria dos alimentos com alto teor de ácidos graxos trans de produção industrial também continha alto teor de gorduras saturadas. Conclusões. Os produtos alimentícios na Jamaica contêm níveis variados de gorduras, excedendo as recomendações que apoiam o consumo saudável. Mais esforços de exploração e reformulação são necessários para garantir que a qualidade nutricional dos alimentos seja melhorada.

3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e130, 2022. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1432048

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the progress toward the 2023 target for the elimination of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (IP-TFA) in the Region of the Americas and to highlight the achievements of the four strategic lines of action from the Plan of Action for the Elimination of IP-TFA 2020-2025. Methods. A survey based on the World Health Organization (WHO) REPLACE package was used to collect data. The REPLACE package outlines six strategic action areas (Review, Promote, Legislate, Assess, Create, Enforce) to support the prompt, complete, and sustained elimination of IP-TFA from the food supply. Information was cross-checked and updated until December 2021. Results. Thirty countries in the Region responded to the survey between November 2019 and July 2020, an 85.7% response rate. As of December 2021, 21 additional indicators of the Regional Plan of Action were met, out of which, four consisted of new enactments of PAHO/WHO best practice policies for the elimination of IP-TFA by countries since baseline data was collected in 2018. This has resulted in a 63.0% increase in the proportion of the population in the Americas protected from consuming IP-TFA in 2021, compared to the baseline in 2018. Conclusion. Despite results showing progress in the Region, actions are needed to strengthen country capacity building and strategies to eliminate IP-TFA and fully achieve the 2023 goal.


RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el progreso hacia el logro de la meta prevista para el 2023 para la eliminación de los ácidos grasos trans de producción industrial (AGT-PI) en la Región de las Américas y destacar los logros en las cuatro líneas estratégicas de acción del Plan de acción para la eliminación de los ácidos grasos trans de producción industrial 2020-2025. Métodos. Para recopilar datos se empleó una encuesta basada en el conjunto de medidas REPLACE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). En el conjunto de medidas REPLACE se describen seis áreas de acción estratégica (revisar, promover, legislar, analizar, concientizar, exigir el cumplimiento) para apoyar la eliminación rápida, completa y sostenida de los AGT-PI del suministro de alimentos. Se verificó y se actualizó la información hasta diciembre del 2021. Resultados. Treinta países de la Región respondieron a la encuesta entre noviembre del 2019 y julio del 2020, una tasa de respuesta del 85,7%. Para diciembre del 2021, se habían cumplido 21 indicadores adicionales del plan de acción regional, cuatro de los cuales consistieron en políticas nuevas relativas a mejores prácticas de la OPS/OMS para la eliminación de los AGT-PI promulgadas por los países desde que se recopilaron los datos de las líneas de base en el año 2018. Esto implica un aumento del 63,0% de la proporción de la población de la Región protegida del consumo de AGT-PI en el 2021, en comparación con la línea de base del 2018. Conclusiones. A pesar de que los resultados muestran progreso en la Región, se necesitan medidas para fortalecer la capacidad y las estrategias de los países a fin de eliminar los AGT-PI y lograr plenamente el objetivo para el 2023.


RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o progresso rumo à meta de 2023 para a eliminação dos ácidos graxos trans de produção industrial (AGT-PI) na Região das Américas e destacar as conquistas já obtidas nas quatro linhas estratégicas de ação do Plano de Ação para Eliminar os AGT-PI 2020-2025. Métodos. Um levantamento com base no pacote REPLACE da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foi usado para coletar dados. O pacote REPLACE delineia seis áreas estratégicas de ação (Revisar, Promover, Legislar, Avaliar, Conscientizar, Estimular) para apoiar a eliminação rápida, completa e sustentada dos AGT-PI da cadeia produtiva de alimentos. As informações foram cruzadas e atualizadas até dezembro de 2021. Resultados. Trinta países da Região responderam à pesquisa entre novembro de 2019 e julho de 2020, o que corresponde a uma taxa de resposta de 85,7%. Até dezembro de 2021, 21 indicadores adicionais do Plano de Ação Regional haviam sido atingidos, quatro dos quais consistiam em novas promulgações de políticas consideradas boas práticas pela OPAS/OMS para a eliminação de AGT-PI pelos países em relação à linha de base de 2018. Isso resultou em um aumento de 63,0% na proporção da população nas Américas protegida do consumo de AGT-PI em 2021, em comparação com a linha de base de 2018. Conclusão. Apesar dos resultados demonstrarem progresso na Região, são necessárias ações para fortalecer a capacitação dos países e as estratégias para eliminar os AGT-PI e alcançar plenamente a meta para 2023.

4.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 47(1): 73-79, feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092746

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to associate the consumption of trans and saturated fats with dyslipidemia in overweight and obese adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) from February 2013 to November 2014. Anthropometry, food consumption data, and the lipidogram of 9,538 overweight Brazilian adolescents from macro-regions and Teresina were used in the study. We found an association between saturated fats and HDL-c in Teresina and in the Northeastern macro-region (p-value= 0.002 and p-value= 0.033, respectively), showing that adolescents in Teresina who consumed less than 10% of saturated fats were 2.04-fold more likely to have desirable HDL-c (OR= 2.04), while northeastern adolescents were 0.625 less likely to have desirable HDL-c (OR= 0.625). In Teresina, there was an association between saturated fat consumption and total cholesterol (p-value= 0.045), showing that adolescents consuming less than 10% of saturated fats had a 0.543- fold lower odds of having desirable total cholesterol levels (OR= 0.543). Lipid profile was not associated with consumption of trans fats, but with the consumption of saturated fats. It is important to monitor the lipid profile of adolescents, especially in the presence of overweight.


El objective fue asociar el consumo de grasas trans y saturadas y dislipidemia en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), en el período de febrero de 2013 a noviembre de 2014. Se utilizaron datos antropométricos, consumo alimentario y lipidograma de 9.538 adolescentes, residentes en Brasil, macrorregiones y Teresina. En Teresina y Macroregión Nordeste, hubo asociación entre el consumo de grasa saturada y HDL-c (p-valor= 0,002 y p-valor= 0,033), respectivamente, mostrando que, adolescentes teresinenses con consumo menor que 10% la grasa saturada tiene 2,04 veces más probabilidades de tener HDL-c deseables (OR= 2,04); mientras que los nordestinos que consumen menos del 10% de grasa saturada tienen 0,625 veces la probabilidad de tener HDL-c deseables (OR= 0,625). En Teresina, hubo asociación entre el consumo de grasa saturada y colesterol total (p-valor= 0,045), mostrando que adolescentes con consumo menor que 10% de grasa saturada tienen 0,543 veces la probabilidad de tener colesterol total deseable (OR= 0,543). El perfil lipídico no se asoció al consumo de grasa trans, sino al consumo de grasa saturada. Es importante realizar monitorización del perfil lipídico de adolescentes, especialmente en presencia del sobrepeso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Dietary Fats , Eating , Dyslipidemias , Overweight , Fatty Acids , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Brazil , Anthropometry , Cholesterol/analysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Lipids/analysis , Obesity
5.
Rev. Nutr. (Online) ; 33: e190138, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057194

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and evaluate its relationship with the nutritional and metabolic status of hemodialysis patients in a single center in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 73 individuals in hemodialysis (50 men and 23 women, 21-87 years-old). Clinical and lifestyle variables were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire and dietary data by food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and metabolic data are collected from medical records. Results Processed and ultra-processed foods represented 11.0% of daily caloric intake, 53.0% of trans fatty acid, and 12.5% of salt consumed in the study sample. Individuals who had high intake of this food group (≥128.4g/day, median intake) had higher serum phosphorus and pre-dialysis urea values (p=0.038; p=0.013, respectively). Also, individual with higher consumption of processed meat, sausages and ready prepared food had higher pre-dialysis serum urea (p=0.021), while serum potassium was higher among the subjects who consumed more sauces and salt-based seasonings (p=0.002). Conclusion Higher consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was associated with important biomarkers of metabolic control for hemodialysis subjects, probably due to non-health dietary composition. Nutritional guidelines and intervention strategies must be promoted to reduce consumption of these food-group in thisspecific population.


RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e avaliar sua relação com o estado nutricional e metabólico de pacientes em hemodiálise em um único centro brasileiro. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal com 73 indivíduos em hemodiálise (50 homens e 23 mulheres, 21-87 anos de idade). As variáveis clínicas e de estilo de vida foram avaliados por um questionário semi-estruturado, bem como dados dietéticos por questionário de frequência alimentar. Dados antropométricos e metabólicos foram coletados de registros médicos. Resultados Os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados representaram 11,0% das calorias diárias, 53,0% dos ácidos graxos trans e 12,5% de sódio consumido na amostra estudada. Os indivíduos que tiveram alta ingestão deste grupo alimentar (≥128,4 g/dia, ingestão mediana) apresentaram maiores valores de fósforo sérico e uréia pré-diálise (p=0,038; p=0,013, respectivamente). Também, indivíduos com maior consumo de carne processada, embutidos e refeições prontas apresentaram maior ureia sérica pré-diálise (p=0,021), enquanto o potássio sérico foi maior entre os indivíduos que consumiram mais molhos e temperos á base de sal (p=0,002). Conclusão O maior consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados foi associado a importantes biomarcadores de controle metabólico para indivíduos em hemodiálise, provavelmente devido à composição dietética não saudável. Orientações nutricionais e estratégias de intervenção devem ser promovidas para reduzir o consumo desses alimentos nessa população específica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Renal Dialysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Industrialized Foods , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Life Style
6.
Rev. Nutr. (Online) ; 33: e190138, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092117

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and evaluate its relationship with the nutritional and metabolic status of hemodialysis patients in a single center in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 73 individuals in hemodialysis (50 men and 23 women, 21-87 years-old). Clinical and lifestyle variables were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire and dietary data by food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and metabolic data are collected from medical records. Results Processed and ultra-processed foods represented 11.0% of daily caloric intake, 53.0% of trans fatty acid, and 12.5% of salt consumed in the study sample. Individuals who had high intake of this food group (≥128.4g/day, median intake) had higher serum phosphorus and pre-dialysis urea values (p=0.038; p=0.013, respectively). Also, individual with higher consumption of processed meat, sausages and ready prepared food had higher pre-dialysis serum urea (p=0.021), while serum potassium was higher among the subjects who consumed more sauces and salt-based seasonings (p=0.002). Conclusion Higher consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was associated with important biomarkers of metabolic control for hemodialysis subjects, probably due to non-health dietary composition. Nutritional guidelines and intervention strategies must be promoted to reduce consumption of these food-group in thisspecific population.


RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e avaliar sua relação com o estado nutricional e metabólico de pacientes em hemodiálise em um único centro brasileiro. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal com 73 indivíduos em hemodiálise (50 homens e 23 mulheres, 21-87 anos de idade). As variáveis clínicas e de estilo de vida foram avaliados por um questionário semi-estruturado, bem como dados dietéticos por questionário de frequência alimentar. Dados antropométricos e metabólicos foram coletados de registros médicos. Resultados Os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados representaram 11,0% das calorias diárias, 53,0% dos ácidos graxos trans e 12,5% de sódio consumido na amostra estudada. Os indivíduos que tiveram alta ingestão deste grupo alimentar (≥128,4 g/dia, ingestão mediana) apresentaram maiores valores de fósforo sérico e uréia pré-diálise (p=0,038; p=0,013, respectivamente). Também, indivíduos com maior consumo de carne processada, embutidos e refeições prontas apresentaram maior ureia sérica pré-diálise (p=0,021), enquanto o potássio sérico foi maior entre os indivíduos que consumiram mais molhos e temperos á base de sal (p=0,002). Conclusão O maior consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados foi associado a importantes biomarcadores de controle metabólico para indivíduos em hemodiálise, provavelmente devido à composição dietética não saudável. Orientações nutricionais e estratégias de intervenção devem ser promovidas para reduzir o consumo desses alimentos nessa população específica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Biomarkers , Eating , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Renal Dialysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Industrialized Foods , Life Style
7.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2020. 79 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1292618

ABSTRACT

A crescente rejeição às gorduras saturadas e trans em decorrência de sua associação com doenças cardiovasculares, entre outras desordens metabólicas de diversas naturezas, tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de alternativas às gorduras tradicionalmente utilizadas nos processamentos de alimentos. Contudo, o grande desafio reside em conferir funcionalidade tecnológica a lipídios ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo os oleogéis uma abordagem viável e promissora. Os oleogéis são sistemas constituídos por uma base lipídica composta por óleo no estado líquido estruturada por uma rede tridimensional de moléculas com solubilidade limitada em óleos, chamadas de agentes estruturantes. Estudos recentes relataram a influência do tipo de óleo no processo de formação da rede tridimensional de agentes estruturantes e concluíram que o tamanho da cadeia, a polaridade e a viscosidade do óleo podem afetar grandemente a estrutura do oleogel. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência do tipo de óleo em sua estruturação por cera de candelilla, relacionando as propriedades físicas dos oleogéis formados com diversas características físico-químicas dos óleos que os compõem. Para avaliar esta influência, foram selecionadas bases lipídicas de diferentes composições, como triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (MCT), óleo de girassol alto oleico (HOSO), óleo de girassol (SFO), óleo de linhaça (LSO) e os óleos unicelulares ARASCO e DHASCO, para serem estruturados com cera de candelilla nas concentrações de 1,5, 3,0 e 6,0%. De acordo com as correlações de Pearson estabelecidas, houve uma correlação muito forte (r2 =0,948) entre a firmeza e o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados dos óleos, o que pode estar relacionado a uma co-cristalização entre a cera e os ácidos graxos saturados, formando uma estrutura mais firme. Uma correlação forte também foi estabelecida entre o tamanho médio das cadeias de ácidos graxos dos óleos, definido pelo índice de saponificação, e a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,864). A densidade dos óleos também apresentou correlação forte com a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,858), assim como a viscosidade apresentou uma forte correlação negativa (r2 = -0,818), o que indica que os óleos mais densos e menos viscosos produzem oleogéis mais firmes. Tanto a cera de candelilla pura quanto os oleogéis apresentaram forma polimórfica ß', que equivale à subcélula ortorrômbica, que demonstra que os diferentes óleos não modificaram a microestrutura da rede de cera de candelilla. Os diferentes tipos de óleo exerceram influência sobre o comportamento de fusão dos oleogéis, fator que permitiu associá-lo a um maior conteúdo de gordura sólida a 20 °C e a um maior teor de triacilgliceróis trissaturados, como nos óleos DHASCO e ARASCO. O grau de insaturação dos óleos influenciou o empacotamento da rede estrutural dos oleogéis, o que foi revelado pela menor perda de óleo nos oleogéis com cadeias mais longas, se comparados ao MCT. Por fim, este trabalho contribuiu com a expansão do conhecimento dos sistemas chamados oleogéis, sugerindo que trabalhos futuros pautem as escolhas de matéria-prima para formulação dos oleogéis nas propriedades de seus componentes. Desta forma, maiores avanços poderão ser alcançados nas pesquisas de sistemas coloidais e consequentemente no desenvolvimento de sistemas de alta qualidade nutricional e, ao mesmo tempo, funcionalidade tecnológica adequada


The growing rejection of saturated and trans fats as a result of their association with cardiovascular diseases, among other metabolic disorders of various kinds, has driven the development of alternative systems to substitute fats traditionally used in food processing. However, the big challenge lies in providing technological functionality to lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with oleogels being a viable and promising approach. Oleogels are systems made up of a lipid base composed of oil in a liquid state structured by a threedimensional network of molecules with limited solubility in oils, called oleogelators. Recent studies have reported the influence of the oil type in the formation process of the threedimensional network of oleogelators and concluded that the fatty acid chain length, the polarity and the viscosity of the oil can greatly affect the structure of the oleogel. In view of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the oil type in its structuring by candelilla wax, relating the physical properties of the formed oleogels with several physicochemical characteristics of the oils that compose them. To evaluate this influence, lipid bases of different compositions were selected, such as medium chain triglycerides (MCT), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), sunflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LSO) and ARASCO and DHASCO single-cell oils, to be structured with candelilla wax in concentrations of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0% (w/w). According to the Pearson correlations established, there was a very strong correlation (r2 = 0.948) between the firmness and the saturated fatty acid content of the oils, which may be related to a co-crystallization between the wax and the saturated fatty acids, forming a firmer structure. A strong correlation was also established between the average size of the fatty acid chains of the oils, defined by the saponification value, and the oleogel firmness (r2 = 0.864). The density of the oils also showed a strong correlation with the firmness of the oleogels (r2 = 0.858), as well as the viscosity, which showed a strong negative correlation (r2 = -0.818), indicating that oils with higher density and lower viscosity produce firmer oleogels. Both pure candelilla wax and oleogels presented the ß' polymorphic form, which is equivalent to the orthorhombic subcell, demonstrating that the different oils did not modify the microstructure of the candelilla wax network. The different types of oil influenced the melting behavior of oleogels, a factor that allowed it to be associated with a higher solid fat content at 20 °C and a higher content of trisaturated triacylglycerols, as in DHASCO and ARASCO oils. The degree of unsaturation of the oils influenced the packaging of the structural network of oleogels, which was revealed by the higher oil binding capacity in oleogels with longer chains, compared to MCT. Finally, this work contributed to the expansion of knowledge of oleogel systems, suggesting that future work will guide the choices of raw material for formulating oleogels in the properties of their components. Thus, greater advances can be achieved in the research of colloidal systems and, consequently, in the development of high nutritional quality systems allied to adequate technological functionality


Subject(s)
Oils/administration & dosage , Rhizophoraceae/adverse effects , Trans Fatty Acids , Fats/chemistry , Waxes , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/classification , Product Packaging/instrumentation , Fats , Food/adverse effects
8.
Perspect. nutr. hum ; 20(1): 59-75, ene.-jun. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-976334

ABSTRACT

Resumen Antecedentes: estudios previos reportan la presencia de grasas saturadas y grasas trans en productos de panadería, relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, se desconoce la procedencia y calidad de las materias primas grasas utilizadas por los panaderos en Medellín. Objetivo: caracterizar las materias primas grasas utilizadas para la preparación de productos de panadería. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, de tipo exploratorio, con 24 muestras. Por cada muestra se realizó una encuesta a los panaderos para evaluar la calidad de las grasas y un análisis por cromatografía de gases para cuantificar 17 grasas saturadas y grasas trans. Resultados: el promedio de grasas trans en las materias primas grasas fue de 0,46 g en 100 g, mientras la normatividad permite 5 g en 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); el 42,1 % del contenido graso proviene de grasas saturadas; y algunas materias primas grasas no cumplen con la normatividad vigente para el etiquetado de alimentos envasados, pues no tienen rotulado nutricional. Conclusiones: en ninguna de las 24 materias primas grasas evaluadas cromatográficamente se cuantificó un contenido de grasas trans superior a lo permitido por la Resolución 2508, lo cual evidencia el esfuerzo de la industria de alimentos. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia del etiquetado para asegurar su cumplimiento.


Abstract Background: Previous studies have reported the presence of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery products, which are related with chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the origin and quality of the primary fat ingredients and products used by bakers in the city of Medellin is currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this paper is to characterize the primary fat ingredients used for the preparation of bakery products. Materials and Methods: An exploratory transversal descriptive study, with 24 bakery samples belonging to three groups according to socioeconomic level. For each sample, a survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of fat and an analysis by gas chromatography was done to quantify 17 saturated and trans fatty acids was. Results: The average trans fatty acid content in the margarines is 0.46 g per 100 g, however regulatory entities allow 5 g per 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); 42.1% of fat content comes from saturated fatty acids and some primary fat ingredients do not comply with current regulations for packaged foods. Conclusions: None of the 24 fat ingredient chromatographic evaluations was quantified with trans fatty acids content higher than that allowed by Resolution 2508. This proves the effort of the food industry, however it is necessary to maintain the surveillance of the labeling to ensure compliance.

9.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 52: 34, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903437

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the trans fatty acids content of processed foods frequently consumed by adults living in a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, after the enactment of a mandatory trans fatty acids labelling policy. METHODS Between February 2014 and January 2015, a specifically dietary questionnaire was completed by 107 adults to assess the frequency of processed foods consumption. The most commonly consumed products from the survey, including vegetable oils, margarine, biscuits, snacks, cheese bread (pão de queijo), french fries, cheeseburger and ice cream, were then analyzed for their trans fatty acids content using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. RESULTS Differences in the levels of trans fatty acids were observed among 22 products analyzed, considering that trans fatty acids content ranged between 0.0 g/100 g in samples of cream cracker biscuit 1 and olive oil to 0.83 g/100 g in samples of cheeseburger (fast food), 0.51 g/100 g in samples of frozen pão de queijo and 12.92 g/100 g in samples of chocolate sandwich cookies with cream filling 2. The overall trans fatty acids content of the different samples of margarine brands was 0.20 g/100 g for brand 1 and 0.0 g/100 g for brand 2. These data are significantly lower than those observed in a survey conducted in 2003, when the regulation had been enacted. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Brazilian regulation is very likely implicated in the observed drop in trans fatty acids of the most processed foods but has yet to eliminate them, which reinforces the urgent need to revise the legislation, since a minimum amount of trans fat does not mean that the food product does not contain this type of fat.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Dietary Fats/analysis , Food Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Food Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Nutrition Policy/trends , Food Labeling/standards , Middle Aged
10.
Mem. Inst. Invest. Cienc. Salud (Impr.) ; 15(3): 19-26, Dic. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-907838

ABSTRACT

Los lípidos de los alimentos cumplen un papel fundamental en nutrición humana. Con base en los potenciales efectos perjudiciales para la salud de las dietas altas en ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y la necesidad de contar con información sobre los niveles en alimentos de consumo local, se han investigado el contenido de AGT por espectrometría infrarroja, grasas totales y el porcentaje de AGT con respecto a lípidos totales en algunos alimentos procesados y materia prima grasa comercializados en cuatro ciudades de zonas urbanas del Paraguay. De los 28 tipos de alimentos analizados, el 84,7% contenía ≥0,2 gAGT/porción. Alrededor del 79% superó 5% de AGT totales en el contenido lipídico del alimento, nivel superior al recomendado actualmente por la OMS. En las muestras de materia prima grasa, se encontraron niveles excepcionalmente altos de AGT totales (77,6%) en comparación con los niveles recomendados (5%). Este trabajo presenta los primeros datos sobre el contenido de AGT en alimentos tradicionales de consumo en Paraguay como la chipa1, y destaca la importancia del control de la composición de los alimentos de venta local y sin etiquetado, así como la necesidad de apuntar a la reformulación de estos alimentos, con menores niveles de AGT con base en las recomendaciones nutricionales actuales a nivel mundial para la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.


The food fats play a fundamental role in human nutrition. Based on the known adverse health effects of diets high in trans fatty acids (TFA) and the need for information on levels in food for local consumption, in this work we investigated the content of total lipids and total TFA in some processed foods and fat raw material commercialized in four cities in urban areas of Paraguay. Of the 28 types of foods analyzed, 84.7% contained ≥0.2 g TFA/serving. Approximately 79% exceeded 5% of total TFA in food fat, which is higher than those levelscurrently recommended by the WHO. In raw material fat samples, exceptionally high levels of total TFA were found (77.6%) compared to the recommended level (5%). This paper presents the first data on the content of TFA in traditional foods of consumption in Paraguay, as “chipa”, and highlights the importance of the control of the composition of the foods of local sale and without labeling, as well as the need to point to the reformulation of these foods, with lower levels of trans fatty acids based on the current nutritional recommendations worldwide for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.


Subject(s)
Food Handling , Lipids , Trans Fatty Acids , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
11.
Asian Journal of Andrology ; (6): 184-190, 2017.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-842762

ABSTRACT

Emerging evidence suggests that dietary fats may influence testicular function. However, most of the published literature on this field has used semen quality parameters as the only proxy for testicular function. We examined the association of fat intake with circulating reproductive hormone levels and testicular volume among healthy young Spanish men. This is a cross-sectional study among 209 healthy male volunteers conducted between October 2010 and November 2011 in Murcia Region of Spain. Participants completed questionnaires on lifestyle, diet, and smoking, and each underwent a physical examination, and provided a blood sample. Linear regression was used to examine the association between each fatty acid type and reproductive hormone levels and testicular volumes. Monounsaturated fatty acids intake was inversely associated with serum blood levels of calculated free testosterone, total testosterone, and inhibin B. A positive association was observed between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and luteinizing hormone concentrations. In addition, the intake of trans fatty acids was associated with lower total testosterone and calculated free testosterone concentrations (P trend = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). The intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was positively related to testicular volume while the intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids was inversely related to testicular volume. These data suggest that fat intake, and particularly intake of omega 3, omega 6, and trans fatty acids, may influence testicular function.

12.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 64(4): 761-768, oct.-dic. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-956802

ABSTRACT

Resumen El consumo excesivo de alimentos fuente de grasa, acompañado por estilos de vida sedentarios, afecta el peso corporal y la salud. La ingesta de grasa total se relaciona con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el perfil lipídico, por tanto la reducción de su consumo disminuye el peso, el IMC, el colesterol total (CT) y el colesterol LDL. La alteración del perfil lipídico es un factor de riesgo para sufrir enfermedades cardiocerebrovasculares; los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) se consideran factor de riesgo para algunos tipos de cáncer. La reducción del consumo de grasa saturada puede presentar un efecto protector para eventos cardiovasculares. Además, la disminución del consumo de AGS y el aumento de ácidos grasos monosaturados y poliinsaturados puede reducir el colesterol LDL. La normativa regulatoria del contenido de nutrientes de los alimentos debe ser priorizada con medidas eficaces que protejan la salud del consumidor; es así como varios países cuentan con regulaciones sobre el contenido de grasas. Además, se han realizado acciones exitosas en salud pública como la implementación de diferentes tipos de aceite y acciones educativas con el fin de lograr el consumo de alimentos más saludables.


Abstract The excessive consumption of high-fat foods and a sedentary lifestyle affect body weight and health. The overall fat intake relates to the body mass index (BMI) and the lipid profile; therefore, reducing fat intake helps reducing body weight, BMI, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Lipid profile variation is a risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases; trans-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated-fatty acids are considered to have influence on certain types of cancer. Reduction in saturated fat intake may have a protective effect on cardiovascular events. Additionally, reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids and increasing mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids can lower LDL cholesterol. The regulatory dispositions regarding nutrient contents must be prioritized considering effective measures to protect consumer health with this idea in mind, some countries have regulations on fat content. Furthermore, successful actions in public health have been taken, such as the implementation of different types of oils and educational campaigns to achieve the consumption of healthier foods.

13.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 43(4): 408-415, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844494

ABSTRACT

An unhealthy diet, consisting mainly of saturated and trans fats intake, is one of the strongest factors contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease. With an historical approach, this paper aims to describe policies regarding trans fats in Argentina. Main global strategies which inspired local interventions are included: from North Karelia memorable project, through the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health to the Argentinian experience which made it possible to replace 70% of partially hydrogenated oil from the market.


La mala alimentación, en particular el consumo de grasas saturadas y trans, es un factor de primer orden para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Mediante un relato histórico, el presente trabajo pretende describir las políticas referidas a grasas trans en Argentina. Se incluyen referencias a las principales estrategias mundiales que inspiraron intervenciones locales, desde el memorable proyecto de Karelia del Norte, pasando por la Estrategia Mundial sobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud, hasta la experiencia Argentina que llevó a reemplazar el 70% del aceite parcialmente hidrogenado del mercado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Food Industry , Trans Fatty Acids , Feeding Behavior , Diet, Healthy
14.
Basic & Clinical Medicine ; (12): 7-11, 2015.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-481378

ABSTRACT

Objective To observe the effects of soybean isoflavone in attenuating trans fatty acids-induced athero-sclerosis in rats .Methods The rats were randomly divided into normal diet group、trans fatty acids group、soybean isoflavone group and trans fatty acids +soybean isoflavone group .Research kit was used to test the amounts of TG , HDL,LDL and IL-6,TNF-αin rats'blood.Bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured and divided into control group,trans fatty acids group and trans fatty acids group +soybean isoflavone group .Western blot was performed to test the NF-κB phosphorylation ,as well as to determine ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein contents in bovine aortic endo-thelial cells.Results Compared with normal diet group ,the amounts of TG,LDL,IL-6,TNF-αincreased evidently (P<0.05), whereas the amounts of HDL decreased evidently (P<0.05) in the rats'blood of trans fatty acids group . After the soybean isoflavone intervened ,the amounts of TG,LDL,IL-6,TNF-αall decreased (P<0.01), meanwhile the amounts of HDL increased significantly (P<0.01).Soybean isoflavone inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation induced by trans fatty acids ( P<0.01) .The high expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by trans fatty acids was de-creased by soybean isoflavone when comparing with those in the control group ( P<0.01 ) .Conclusions Soybean isoflavone has a role in attenuating trans fatty acids trans fatty acids-induced atherosclerosis in rats .

15.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 39(1): 25-39, abr. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-712175

ABSTRACT

In this study, we aimed to identify the types of oils and fats used in the production process of meals and investigate practices to control immersion frying in commercial restaurants. Sixty-two managers of commercial restaurants in the municipality of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil were interviewed between February and April 2012. The main results showed that soybean oil (91.9%) was the most often used, followed by hydrogenated vegetable fat (35.5%), in the restaurants surveyed. As to immersion frying practices, at the establishments where managers were trained in nutrition, hydrogenated vegetable fat was less used (p<0.05). It is worth mentioning the importance of having vocational education as a tool to promote better practices in using oils and fat to produce healthy food. It is clearly necessary to have specific legislation involving the production processes and sale of meals in accordance with the policies adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO).


El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los tipos de aceites y grasas utilizados en el proceso productivo de comidas, así como investigar las prácticas en el control de las frituras de inmersión de restaurantes comerciales. Se entrevistó, entre febrero y abril de 2012, a 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciales de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, RS. Entre los principales resultados, se destaca el aceite de soja (91,9%) como el más utilizado, seguido por la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%) en los restaurantes que participaron de la encuesta. En lo que se refiere a las prácticas de las frituras de inmersión, en aquellos establecimientos en los que el gestor poseía formación en nutrición, hubo una menor prevalencia del uso de la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Se destaca la importancia de la educación profesional como herramienta promotora de mejores prácticas en la utilización de aceites y grasas para la producción de alimentos sanos y se observa la necesidad de legislaciones específicas en lo que se refiere a los procesos productivos y a la comercialización de comidas que estén en consonancia con las políticas adoptadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.


O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os tipos de óleos e gorduras utilizados no processo produtivo de refeições, bem como investigar as práticas no controle das frituras de imersão de restaurantes comerciais. Foram entrevistados, entre fevereiro e abril de 2012, 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciais do município de Porto Alegre, RS. Dentre os principais resultados, destaca-se o óleo de soja (91,9%) como o mais utilizado, seguido pela gordura vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%), nos restaurantes pesquisados. Em relação às práticas das frituras de imersão, nos estabelecimentos em que o gestor possuía formação em nutrição, houve menor prevalência do uso da gordura vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Destaca-se a importância da educação profissionalizante como ferramenta promotora de melhores práticas na utilização de óleos e gorduras para produção de alimentos saudáveis e percebe-se a necessidade de legislações específicas relacionadas aos processos produtivos e à comercialização de refeições que sejam consoantes às políticas adotadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Fats/analysis , Oils/analysis , Restaurants/classification , Trans Fatty Acids/classification
16.
Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology ; (6): 283-289, 2014.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-445799

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE To investigate trans-fatty acids (TFA)contents in bakery food and assess TFA intake via bakery food and its energy contribution in Beijing and Guangzhou city.METHODS Bak-ery food sa mples were collected in 201 1 ,standard GC-method were used to determine TFA content,da-ta of TFA content were analyzed by t-test to evaluate for statistically significant differences.Si mple distri-bution model(determinative risk assess ment)of TFA intake was used to calculate individual TFA intake per day(g·d -1 ,% of total energy)in different populations(grouped by ages).RESULTS Average TFA content was ranging fro m 0.01 to 0.83 g /100 g sa mple in various kinds of bakery food.TFA con-tents were equal to or lower than 0.3 g /100 g in 77.1 % of biscuits,71 .8% of bread,67.0% of pas-tries.Wafer biscuit,sandwich biscuit,puff,cake,and croissants had higher TFA contents than others, and the level was 0.65 -0.83 g /100 g sa mple.TFA content in sandwich biscuit and pie decreased sig-nificantly after 2007.Average TFA intake via bakery food was 0.049 g·d -1 in Beijing and Guangzhou city,energy contribution was 0.027% which was far below the WHO reco mmended level (1 %). Population that are 3 to 6 years old had highest TFA intake and the TFA energy contribution was 0.041 %.CONCLUSION Most of bakery products in China contained low levels of TFA;consequently, health risk caused by TFA intake in Beijing and Guangzhou was unlikely to be a concerned.However, so me type of bakery foods had higher TFA contents which could be of greater concerned for risk management.

17.
Rev. ciênc. méd., (Campinas) ; 22(2): 95-103, 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-724316

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Em razão do elevado consumo de biscoitos por crianças e por adolescentes, este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição em ácidos graxos, com ênfase nos isômetros trans. em biscoitos recheados com sabor de chocolate e verificar se os teores declarados estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. Métodos: Nas amostras de biscoito, fizeram-se a extração e a esterificação dos lipídeos, que foram, posteriormente, submetidos à cromatografia gasosa para determinação da composição em ácidos graxos. Resultados: os resultados obtidos por 100g de biscoito (8 amostras resultantes de 4 marcas com 2 lotes de cada marca) variaram de 4,57g a 9,33g de 2,74 a 6,78g e de 0,32g a 6,49g para os ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados, respectivamente. As marcas A e B apresentaram valores de ácidos graxos saturados superiores aos declarados nos rótulos. Quanto aos isômeros trans, as variações entre as marcas e os lotes analisados foram mais acentuadas: de 0,05g. 100g1 para a amostra C2 a 3,52g. 100g1 para a amostra A1. Conclusão: Os teores de gordura trans apresentaram grandes variações e somente as marcas C e D podem ser consideradas zero trans, de acordo com a legislação brasileira


Objective: Since children and adolescents eat a lot of cookies, this study determined the fatty acid composition, especially trans fatty acids, of chocolate sandwich cookies and verified iftheir amounts had been reported on the label as required by the legislation. Methods: After the lipids were extracted from the cookies and esterified, their fatty acidcomposition was determined by gas chromatography.ResultsThe saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in 100 gramsof cookies (eight samples from four brands, two batches per brand) ranged from4.57g to 9.33g, 2.74g to 6.78g, and 0.32g to 6.49g, respectively. The saturated fattyacid contents of brands A and B were higher than those reported on the respectivelabels. On the other hand, the trans isomer contents of the study brands and batches,presented greater variations, ranging from 0.05g.100g-1 for sample C2 to 3.52g.100g1for sample A1.ConclusionThe amount of trans fatty acids in the chocolate sandwich cookies varied greatly, andonly brands C and D may be labeled zero trans according to the Brazilian law.


Subject(s)
Cookies , Fatty Acids , Trans Fatty Acids
18.
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition ; : 87-98, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-628674

ABSTRACT

Introduction: There is a lack of information on the trans fatty acid (TFA) content in Malaysian foods. The objective of this study is to determine the TFA content of bakery products, snacks, dairy products, fast foods, cooking oils and semisolid fats, and breakfast cereals and Malaysian fast foods. This study also estimated the quantity of each isomer in the foods assayed. Methods: The trans fatty acid content of each food sample was assessed in duplicate by separating the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in a gas chromatography system equipped with HP- 88 column (USA: split ratio 10: 1) for cis/trans separation. Five major TFA isomers, palmitoelaidic acid (16: 1t9), petroselaidic acid (18:1t6), elaidic acid (18:1t9), vaccenic acid (18: 1t11) and linoelaidic acid (18:2t9, 12), were measured using gas chromatography (GC) and the data were expressed in unit values of g/100 g lipid or g/100 g food. Results: The total TFA contents in the studied foods were <0.001 g-8.77 g/100 g lipid or <0.001 g-5.79 g/100 g foods. This value falls within the standard and international recommendation level for TFA. The measured range of specific TFA isomers were as follows: palmitoelaidic acid (<0.001 g-0.26 g/100 g lipid), petroselaidic acid (<0.001 g – 3.09 g/100 g lipid), elaidic acid (<0.001 g-0.87 g/100 g lipid), vaccenic acid (<0.001 g-0.41 g/100 g lipid) and linoelaidic acid (<0.001 g-6.60 g/100 g lipid). Conclusion: These data indicate that most of the tested foods have low TFA contents (<1 g/100 g lipid).

19.
Rev. saúde pública ; 46(5): 923-928, out. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-655045

ABSTRACT

O consumo de gordura trans é comprovadamente prejudicial à saúde humana. Esse lipídio é encontrado principalmente na gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada, amplamente utilizada em alimentos industrializados. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar publicações oficiais sobre o limite máximo de consumo de gordura trans e sua regulamentação de notificação obrigatória na rotulagem nutricional de alimentos industrializados brasileiros. Foram constatadas fragilidades no conteúdo dos documentos analisados, sobretudo a necessidade de reformulação, tanto na recomendação máxima de consumo quanto na notificação da gordura trans na rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos industrializados. São feitas sugestões para essa reformulação, com as quais se busca auxiliar o consumidor no controle de ingestão de gordura trans e, consequentemente, na promoção da saúde.


Consumption of trans fat has been proven to be harmful to human health. This lipid is found mainly in partially hydrogenated vegetable fat, which is widely used in processed foods. The aim of this study was to analyze official publications on maximum limits for consumption of trans fat and the regulations for its mandatory notification on the nutritional labeling of processed foods in Brazil. Weaknesses in the content of the documents analyzed were found, especially regarding the need for reformulation of both the maximum recommended consumption and the notification of trans fat on nutritional labeling for processed foods. This paper makes suggestions for this reformulation, through which it is sought to help consumers in controlling their trans fat intake and, consequently, in promotion of health.


El consumo de grasas trans es comprobadamente perjudicial para la salud humana. Este lípido es encontrado fundamentalmente en la grasa vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada, ampliamente utilizada en alimentos industrializados. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar publicaciones oficiales sobre el límite máximo de consumo de grasas trans y su regulación de notificación obligatoria en la rotulación nutricional de alimentos industrializados brasileños. Se constataron fragilidades en el contenido de los documentos analizados, principalmente la necesidad de reformulación, tanto en la recomendación máxima de consumo como en la notificación de la grasa trans en la rotulación nutricional de los alimentos industrializados. Se hicieron sugerencias para la reformulación, con las cuales se busca ayudar al consumidor en el control de ingestión de grasas trans y, consecuentemente, en la promoción de la salud.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dietary Fats/analysis , Food Analysis/legislation & jurisprudence , Food Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Brazil , Consumer Health Information , Dietary Fats/standards , Food Analysis/standards , Food Labeling/standards , Industrialized Foods , Trans Fatty Acids/standards
20.
Rev. nutr ; 25(1): 45-56, jan.-fev. 2012. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-625200

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the lipid profiles of the hepatic and adipose tissues of Wistar rats treated for 21 days with a diet high in saturated fat (high saturated fat, n=6) or high in hydrogenated fat, that is, having 50% partially hydrogenated vegetable oil in its composition (high hydrogenated fat, n=6), and compare them to those of a control group (control group, n=6). METHODS: Adipose tissue and total hepatic fat were higher in the saturated fat group than in the hydrogenated fat group. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was greatest in the saturated fat group, with consequent lower hepatic vitamin E and A levels. In contrast, serum vitamin A was highest in the saturated fat group. Analysis of hepatic lipid fractions found more cholesterol and less high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the hydrogenated fat group. The hydrogenated fat group had the highest levels of triacylglycerols, followed by the saturated fat group. RESULTS: Significant amounts of trans fatty acids were detected in the hepatic and adipose tissues of the hydrogenated fat group. Among the identified fatty acids, 18:1n9 had a higher positive association with hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerols, and a higher negative association with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil promotes greater accumulation of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver than saturated fats. CONCLUSION: Trans fatty acids were incorporated into hepatocytes and adipocytes in a highly efficient manner.


OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa investigou a composição lipídica dos tecidos hepático e adiposo de ratos Wistar tratados durante 21 dias com uma dieta rica em gordura saturada (grupo gordura saturada, n=6) ou rica em gordura hidrogenada, ou seja, 50% da gordura consistindo de gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada (grupo gordura hidrogenada, n=6) e compará-los a um grupo-controle (grupo-controle, n=6). MÉTODOS: As quantidades de tecido adiposo e gordura hepática total foram maiores no grupo gordura saturada do que no grupo gordura hidrogenada. A peroxidação lipídica hepática foi maior no grupo gordura saturada, com consequente diminuição dos níveis hepáticos de vitaminas E e A. Por outro lado, o nível sérico de vitamina A foi maior no grupo gordura saturada do que nos outros grupos. A análise das frações lipídicas hepáticas revelou mais colesterol e menos colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade no grupo gordura hidrogenada. O grupo gordura hidrogenada apresentou os maiores níveis de triglicérides, seguido do grupo gordura saturada. Quantidades significativas de ácidos graxos trans foram detectados nos tecidos hepático e adiposo do grupo gordura hidrogenada. RESULTADOS: Dentre os ácidos graxos identificados, o 18:1n9 apresentou uma associação positiva maior com o colesterol hepático e triglicérides, e uma associação negativa maior com o colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade. A gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada promove um maior acúmulo de colesterol e triglicérides no fígado do que a gordura saturada. CONCLUSÃO: Os ácidos graxos trans foram incorporados aos hepatócitos e adipócitos de forma altamente eficiente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Cholesterol , Fatty Liver/metabolism , Fats/metabolism , Lipoproteins , Trans Fatty Acids/metabolism
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